Applying the zoo model to conservation of threatened exceptional plant species

Maintaining a living plant collection is the most common method of ex situ conservation for plant species that cannot be seed banked (i.e., exceptional species). Viability of living collections, and their value for future conservation efforts, can be limited without coordinated efforts to track and manage individuals across institutions. Using a pedigree-focused approach, the zoological community has established an inter-institutional infrastructure to support long-term viability of captive animal populations. We assessed the ability of this coordinated metacollection infrastructure to support the conservation of 4 plant species curated in living collections at multiple botanic gardens around the world. Limitations in current practices include the inability to compile, share, and analyze plant collections data at the individual level, as well as difficulty in tracking original provenance of ex situ material. The coordinated metacollection framework used by zoos can be adopted by the botanical community to improve conservation outcomes by minimizing the loss of genetic diversity in collections. We suggest actions to improve ex situ conservation of exceptional plant species, including developing a central database to aggregate data and track unique individuals of priority threatened species among institutions and adapting a pedigree-based population management tool that incorporates life-history aspects unique to plants. If approached collaboratively across regional, national, and global scales, these actions could transform ex situ conservation of threatened plant species.     

铝粉爆炸无火焰泄压技术及装备研究

为有效防止粉尘爆炸泄爆引起的二次爆炸及火灾问题，基于泄压理论、消火机理，设计开发无火焰泄压装置，装置主要由消火结构、底座、爆破片及夹持机构组成，消火结构由不锈钢金属丝网组成。选择铝粉尘为测试粉尘，通过自建除尘系统试验平台进行试验研究。结果表明:无火焰泄压装置可成功阻止火焰传播，装置释放的冲击波在5 m外均小于5 kPa，除尘系统内部最大泄爆压力为0.1 MPa，装置前端火焰传播速度均大于100 m/s。     

Effects of amusing memes on concern for unappealing species

There is limited knowledge of the mechanisms that can inspire people's concern and engagement in the protection of unpopular and unappealing species. We analyzed Polish people's interest in themed internet memes featuring the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) and the consequences of this interest for conservation marketing. We examined Google Trends data, used Google Search, and searched popular media materials to estimate interest in the proboscis monkey in Poland. Photos of the proboscis monkey when presented with humor in internet memes attracted as much interest as usually more popular species (e.g., koala, panda, and orangutan) used in marketing by nongovernmental organizations. Amusing internet memes spread by social media positively correlated with increasing interest in the unappealing species, such as proboscis monkey. Interest in amusing internet memes positively correlated with individuals’ decisions to donate to 6 crowdfunding actions. Thus, conservation marketing that includes amusing memes and social media may provide a worthwhile complement to traditional campaigns and are likely to influence individuals who are unaffected by the usual means.     

Boosting freshwater fish conservation with high-resolution distribution mapping across a large territory

The lack of high-resolution distribution maps for freshwater species across large extents fundamentally challenges biodiversity conservation worldwide. We devised a simple framework to delineate the distributions of freshwater fishes in a high-resolution drainage map based on stacked species distribution models and expert information. We applied this framework to the entire Chinese freshwater fish fauna (>1600 species) to examine high-resolution biodiversity patterns and reveal potential conflicts between freshwater biodiversity and anthropogenic disturbances. The correlations between spatial patterns of biodiversity facets (species richness, endemicity, and phylogenetic diversity) were all significant (r = 0.43–0.98, p < 0.001). Areas with high values of different biodiversity facets overlapped with anthropogenic disturbances. Existing protected areas (PAs), covering 22% of China's territory, protected 25–29% of fish habitats, 16–23% of species, and 30–31% of priority conservation areas. Moreover, 6–21% of the species were completely unprotected. These results suggest the need for extending the network of PAs to ensure the conservation of China's freshwater fishes and the goods and services they provide. Specifically, middle to low reaches of large rivers and their associated lakes from northeast to southwest China hosted the most diverse species assemblages and thus should be the target of future expansions of the network of PAs. More generally, our framework, which can be used to draw high-resolution freshwater biodiversity maps combining species occurrence data and expert knowledge on species distribution, provides an efficient way to design PAs regardless of the ecosystem, taxonomic group, or region considered.     

Validating graph-based connectivity models with independent presence–absence and genetic data sets

Habitat connectivity is a key objective of current conservation policies and is commonly modeled by landscape graphs (i.e., sets of habitat patches [nodes] connected by potential dispersal paths [links]). These graphs are often built based on expert opinion or species distribution models (SDMs) and therefore lack empirical validation from data more closely reflecting functional connectivity. Accordingly, we tested whether landscape graphs reflect how habitat connectivity influences gene flow, which is one of the main ecoevolutionary processes. To that purpose, we modeled the habitat network of a forest bird (plumbeous warbler [Setophaga plumbea]) on Guadeloupe with graphs based on expert opinion, Jacobs’ specialization indices, and an SDM. We used genetic data (712 birds from 27 populations) to compute local genetic indices and pairwise genetic distances. Finally, we assessed the relationships between genetic distances or indices and cost distances or connectivity metrics with maximum-likelihood population-effects distance models and Spearman correlations between metrics. Overall, the landscape graphs reliably reflected the influence of connectivity on population genetic structure; validation R² was up to 0.30 and correlation coefficients were up to 0.71. Yet, the relationship among graph ecological relevance, data requirements, and construction and analysis methods was not straightforward because the graph based on the most complex construction method (species distribution modeling) sometimes had less ecological relevance than the others. Cross-validation methods and sensitivity analyzes allowed us to make the advantages and limitations of each construction method spatially explicit. We confirmed the relevance of landscape graphs for conservation modeling but recommend a case-specific consideration of the cost-effectiveness of their construction methods. We hope the replication of independent validation approaches across species and landscapes will strengthen the ecological relevance of connectivity models.     

长江口海域近50a来营养盐的变化及其对浮游植物群落演替的影响

本文根据收集到的1960s到2000s年间东海长江口附近海域(30.5～32°N,122～123°E)的营养盐数据,分析了长江口海域营养盐的季节变化及历史变化趋势。其中根据1959～1960年,1985～1986年和2002～2003年长江口海域营养盐的季节变化数据,发现50 a来,营养盐的季节变化差异不大,均呈现出春夏低,秋冬高的季节变化趋势,其中2002～2003年四个季节之间营养盐含量的变化幅度较其它两年略小。从1960s～2000s年的历史变化可以看出,调查海域的DIN含量呈现出显著上升的趋势,但是在2000年以后,DIN的年平均含量略有降低但变化不大,基本保持在18μmol/L。DIP年平均浓度变化不明显,浓度范围维持在0.39～0.60μmol/L之间。SiO3-Si的年平均含量呈现出明显的降低趋势。就营养盐组成变化来说,DIN/P比例和Si/DIN比值的变化趋势相反,DIN/P比例呈现出升高的趋势而Si/DIN呈现出降低的趋势。生物数据表明从1980s以后该海域赤潮优势种有从硅藻演变为甲藻的趋势,结合营养盐的变化分析认为过量的DIN和持续升高的DIN/P是造成这一藻种长期演变现象的主要原因。     

天津汉沽海域表层沉积物中P的赋存特征分析

利用连续分级提取方法,对天津汉沽海域表层沉积物中P的含量水平、赋存形态、及其生物有效性进行了分析。结果表明:表层沉积物中TP的含量在525.68×10-6～688.39×10-6之间,平均含量约为618.18×10-6,其中86.98%以IP的形式存在;而在IP中,FA-P是其主要的赋存形态,平均约占TP的59.54%;IP含量范围为48.52×10-6～146.72×10-6,平均约占TP的13.02%。P的生物有效性分析结果显示,潜在的生物有效P主要包括Ads-P、Fe-P和OP等3种赋存形态,而天津汉沽海域表层沉积物中潜在的生物有效P含量约为465.87×10-6～609.79×10-6,平均约占沉积物TP的89.14%,表明研究区域内沉积物具有很强的释P潜力。     

预腐蚀铝合金材料裂纹萌生寿命评估

铝合金在航空工业中广泛应用,因此对于铝合金构件的寿命评估很重要。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)原位观测技术,研究了预腐蚀铝合金试件在循环应力作用下的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展行为。结果表明腐蚀坑对于裂纹萌生扩展行为具有强烈的影响。基于局部应变法,提出了一种预测带有腐蚀损伤的铝合金疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的评估公式。     

除镉最佳混凝剂的筛选及应用条件研究

通过采用聚合氯化铝铁（PAFC）、氯化铁（FeCl3）及聚合硫酸铁（PFS）对含镉废水的处理研究表明,三种混凝剂对含镉水体均有良好的处理效果,同等条件下,三种混凝剂对含镉水体去除率分别为98.22%、92.19%和93.63%。研究了PAFC对含镉水体的混凝沉淀效果,实验结果表明：碱性条件有利于镉离子的沉淀,当pH为9～11时,去除率可达98.00%左右;对于初始浓度为4.000 0 mg.L-1的含镉废水,经处理后,水体浓度可降至0.184 0 mg.L-1,对于初始浓度为0.400 0 mg.L-1的含镉废水,经处理后水体浓度降至0.007 2 mg.L-1;废水中投加一定量的石灰乳对PAFC除镉起一定的作用,投加量达30.00 mg.L-1时,其去除率达99.91%;通过对PAFC除镉动力学拟合,符合一级线性动力学方程。     

改性人造沸石处理含黄玉铬洁(Ⅵ张焕)祯地下水的实验研究

为了提高人造沸石对地下水中铬(Ⅵ)的去除能力,采用氯化铝对人造沸石进行改性。确定最佳改性条件:20%氯化铝溶液,液固比12 mL/g,室温下以180 r/min振荡改性8 h;最佳除Cr(Ⅵ)条件:pH值为4～8,液固比为33.3 mL/g,室温下水浴恒温振荡2 h。改性沸石对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附符合Langmuir及Freundlich等温线方程,由Langmuir吸附等温线可得其吸附容量为5.624 mg/g。在最佳反应条件下,水样中铬(Ⅵ)浓度可由5 mg/L下降到0.026 mg/L,低于0.05 mg/L,满足GB/T 14848—93《地下水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准。